Do You Want to Increase Physical Activity in Adolescents? A School-Based Physical Activity Program Could Be an Efficient Way.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a classroom-based physical activity program, using bike desks, on academic and physical performance in adolescents. The Program to Enhance and Develop Active Lessons (PEDAL) was designed for this purpose, expecting an increase in students' physical activity without any decrease in academic performance. This intervention based on pedal or bike desks-stationary bikes that integrate with a desk workspace-was conducted with 55 high- school students who were randomly assigned to two groups: a PEDAL group (n = 28, 14.86 ± 0.65 years old, 46.4% girls) and a control group (n = 27, 15 ± 0.68 years old, 51.9% girls). Throughout the intervention, the PEDAL students pedaled 4 days a week for 10 weeks during their Spanish-language arts lessons. The comparisons between the PEDAL group and the control group, as well as the pre- and post-test results, were statistically analyzed to verify the students' physical activity (i.e., IPAQ-SF, heart rate monitors, polar OH1+), cardiorespiratory capacity (20 m shuttle run test), and academic performance (d2 test of attention and language proficiency test). Regarding the physical aspect, only the PEDAL group showed significant growth in their physical activity levels as compared to the pre-test data (p = 0.001), and they achieved higher results compared with the control group (p = 0.022) and less sedentary time than control students (p = 0.012). Concerning cardiorespiratory fitness, there were no post-test differences between the two groups (p = 0.697), probably because the physical activity performed with the bike desks was light-moderate. As far as academic performance is concerned, no significant post-test effects were discovered in either group on the levels of language competence (p = 0.48), attention (TOT, p = 0.432), and concentration (CON, p = 0.216). In conclusion, adolescents who move while learning, using bike desks, increase their light and moderate physical activity without any detriment to academic performance.

Relation of Physical Activity Level to Postural Balance in Obese and Overweight Spanish Adult Males: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of physical activity level on postural control in obese and overweight Spanish adult males. Forty-three males aged between 25 and 60 years old were included. Anthropometric, body composition, and physical activity variables were assessed, and postural control was evaluated using the Sensory Organization Test. No correlation was found between the level of physical activity and postural control, assessed by the Sensory Organization Test within the whole sample. However, within the group with a higher total fat mass percentage, non-sedentary individuals presented improved scores on the somatosensory organization test when compared to sedentary individuals (96.9 ± 1.8 vs. 95.4 ± 1.2; p < 0.05) and poorer scores on the composite equilibrium score (73.4 ± 7.2 vs. 79.2 ± 6.9; p < 0.05). The altered integration of somatosensory inputs most likely affects the tuning, sequencing, and execution of balance strategies in sedentary men with a high total fat mass percentage.

Development and validation of prognostic models to estimate body weight loss in overweight and obese people / Desarrollo y validación de modelos de pronóstico para estimar la pérdida de peso corporal en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad

Background: predicting weight loss outcomes from information collected from subjects before they start a weight management program is an objective strongly pursued by scientists who study energy balance. Objective: to develop and validate two prognostic models for the estimation of final body weight after a six-month intervention period. Material and methods: the present work was developed following the TRIPOD standard to report prognostic multivariable prediction models. A multivariable linear regression analysis was applied to 70 % of participants to identify the most relevant variables and develop the best prognostic model for body weight estimation. Then, 30 % of the remaining sample was used to validate the model. The study involved a 6-month intervention based on 25-30 % caloric restriction and exercise. A total of 239 volunteers who had participated in the PRONAF study, aged 18 to 50 years, with overweight or obesity (body mass index: 25-34.9 kg/m2), were enrolled. Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and by hand-to-foot bioelectrical impedance (BIA) analysis. Results: prognostic models were developed and validated with a high correlation (0.954 and 0.951 for DXA and BIA, respectively), with the paired t-tests showing no significant differences between estimated and measured body weights. The mean difference, standard error, and 95 % confidence interval of the DXA model were 0.067 ± 0.547 (-1.036-1.170), and those of the BIA model were -0.105 ± 0.511 (-1.134-0.924). Conclusions: the models developed in this work make it possible to calculate the final BW of any participant engaged in an intervention like the one employed in this study based only on baseline body composition variables. (AU)

Antecedentes: predecir los resultados de la pérdida de peso a partir de la información recogida de los sujetos antes de que empiecen los programas de control de peso es un objetivo a largo plazo. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar un modelo de pronóstico para la estimación del peso corporal final después de un período de intervención de seis meses. Material y métodos: el presente trabajo se desarrolló siguiendo el estándar TRIPOD para reportar modelos pronósticos de predicción multivariable. El análisis de regresión lineal multivariable se aplicó al 70 % de los participantes para identificar las variables más relevantes y desarrollar el mejor modelo pronóstico para la estimación del peso corporal. Luego, el 30 % restante se utilizó para validar el modelo. Se realizó una intervención de 6 meses basada en la restricción calórica y el ejercicio. Los participantes fueron 239 voluntarios que habían participado en el estudio PRONAF, de 18 a 50 años de edad y con sobrepeso u obesidad (índice de masa corporal: 25-34,9 kg/m2). La composición corporal se evaluó mediante la absorción de rayos X de energía dual y el análisis de la impedancia bioeléctrica de mano a pie. Resultados: los modelos desarrollados se calibraron y validaron con una alta correlación (más de 0,94), no mostrando las pruebas t emparejadas diferencias significativas entre los pesos corporales estimados y los medidos. Conclusiones: los modelos desarrollados en este trabajo permiten calcular el peso corporal final de cualquier participante que participe en una intervención como las empleadas en este estudio, conociendo únicamente sus variables de composición corporal iniciales. (AU)

Development and validation of prognostic models to estimate body weight loss in overweight and obese people.

INTRODUCTION: Background: predicting weight loss outcomes from information collected from subjects before they start a weight management program is an objective strongly pursued by scientists who study energy balance. Objective: to develop and validate two prognostic models for the estimation of final body weight after a six-month intervention period. Material and methods: the present work was developed following the TRIPOD standard to report prognostic multivariable prediction models. A multivariable linear regression analysis was applied to 70 % of participants to identify the most relevant variables and develop the best prognostic model for body weight estimation. Then, 30 % of the remaining sample was used to validate the model. The study involved a 6-month intervention based on 25-30 % caloric restriction and exercise. A total of 239 volunteers who had participated in the PRONAF study, aged 18 to 50 years, with overweight or obesity (body mass index: 25-34.9 kg/m2), were enrolled. Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and by hand-to-foot bioelectrical impedance (BIA) analysis. Results: prognostic models were developed and validated with a high correlation (0.954 and 0.951 for DXA and BIA, respectively), with the paired t-tests showing no significant differences between estimated and measured body weights. The mean difference, standard error, and 95 % confidence interval of the DXA model were 0.067 ± 0.547 (-1.036-1.170), and those of the BIA model were -0.105 ± 0.511 (-1.134-0.924). Conclusions: the models developed in this work make it possible to calculate the final BW of any participant engaged in an intervention like the one employed in this study based only on baseline body composition variables.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: predecir los resultados de la pérdida de peso a partir de la información recogida de los sujetos antes de que empiecen los programas de control de peso es un objetivo a largo plazo. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar un modelo de pronóstico para la estimación del peso corporal final después de un período de intervención de seis meses. Material y métodos: el presente trabajo se desarrolló siguiendo el estándar TRIPOD para reportar modelos pronósticos de predicción multivariable. El análisis de regresión lineal multivariable se aplicó al 70 % de los participantes para identificar las variables más relevantes y desarrollar el mejor modelo pronóstico para la estimación del peso corporal. Luego, el 30 % restante se utilizó para validar el modelo. Se realizó una intervención de 6 meses basada en la restricción calórica y el ejercicio. Los participantes fueron 239 voluntarios que habían participado en el estudio PRONAF, de 18 a 50 años de edad y con sobrepeso u obesidad (índice de masa corporal: 25-34,9 kg/m2). La composición corporal se evaluó mediante la absorción de rayos X de energía dual y el análisis de la impedancia bioeléctrica de mano a pie. Resultados: los modelos desarrollados se calibraron y validaron con una alta correlación (más de 0,94), no mostrando las pruebas t emparejadas diferencias significativas entre los pesos corporales estimados y los medidos. Conclusiones: los modelos desarrollados en este trabajo permiten calcular el peso corporal final de cualquier participante que participe en una intervención como las empleadas en este estudio, conociendo únicamente sus variables de composición corporal iniciales.

[Relationship of physical activity level and body composition on postural control in male adults]. / Relación del nivel de actividad física y de la composición corporal en el control postural en adultos varones.

INTRODUCTION: balance is very important in order to perform daily physical activities as standing or walking. Both physical activity and body composition are some of the most important adjustable intrinsic factors influencing balance. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of physical activity level and different body variables on the postural control of male adults. METHODS: observational, cross-sectional study with 63 men between 25 and 60 years of age, with body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 35 kg/ m2. Anthropometric variables (e.g., weight, BMI, waist circumference), body composition and its distribution (e.g., percentage of total fat mass: TFM%, of the legs: LFM%, and android: AFM%), physical activity (PAL) and postural control (e.g., SOM ratio) were measured. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship of all variables with the SOM ratio. RESULTS: the results of this study show a correlation between TFM% (r = -0.384, p = 0.002), AFM% (r = -0.421, p = 0.001) and PAL (r = 0.291, p = 0.021) with the SOM ratio. In addition, individuals classified as obese (TFM% ≥ 28) scored worse on SOM ratio than non-obese individuals (97.33 ± 2.52 vs 96.37 ± 1.54, p = 0.013), and individuals classified as active (PAL ≥ 1.4) scored higher on SOM ratio than sedentary individuals (97.13 ± 2.33 vs 96.18 ± 1.38; p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: the fat mass and PAL seem to influence proprioceptively on postural control, being the waist circumference the variable that predicts SOM ratio the most.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el equilibrio es crucial para el desempeño de actividades de la vida diaria como la bipedestación o la marcha. La actividad física y la composición corporal son algunos de los factores intrínsecos modificables más importantes que influyen en el equilibrio. OBJETIVO: analizar la influencia del nivel de actividad física (PAL) y de diferentes variables corporales sobre el control postural de adultos varones. MÉTODOS: estudio observacional, transversal, con 63 varones de entre 25 y 60 años, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) entre 18 y 35 kg/m2. Se midieron variables antropométricas (i.e., peso, IMC, perímetro de cintura), de composición corporal y de su distribución (i.e., porcentaje de masa grasa de piernas: %MGP, androide: %MGA y total: %MGT), de actividad física (PAL) y de control postural (i.e., ratio somatosensorial: SOT-SOM). Se utilizó una regresión lineal múltiple para evaluar la relación de todas las variables con la SOT-SOM. RESULTADOS: los resultados de este estudio muestran una correlación entre %MGT (r = -0,384, p = 0,002), %MGA (r = -0,421, p = 0,001) y PAL (r = 0,291, p = 0,021) con la SOT-SOM. Además, los individuos clasificados como obesos (%MGT ≥ 28) obtuvieron peores puntuaciones en la SOT-SOM que los individuos no obesos (97,33 ± 2,52 vs. 96,37 ± 1,54; p = 0,013) y los individuos clasificados como activos (PAL ≥ 1,4) obtuvieron mejores puntuaciones en la SOT-SOM que los individuos sedentarios (97,13 ± 2,33 vs. 96,18 ± 1,38; p = 0,035). CONCLUSIONES: la masa grasa y el PAL parecen influir a nivel propioceptivo en el control postural, siendo el perímetro de cintura la variable que más predice la SOT-SOM.

Relación del nivel de actividad física y de la composición corporal en el control postural en adultos varones / Relationship of physical activity level and body composition on postural control in male adults

Introducción: el equilibrio es crucial para el desempeño de actividades de la vida diaria como la bipedestación o la marcha. La actividad física y la composición corporal son algunos de los factores intrínsecos modificables más importantes que influyen en el equilibrio. Objetivo: analizar la influencia del nivel de actividad física (PAL) y de diferentes variables corporales sobre el control postural de adultos varones. Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, con 63 varones de entre 25 y 60 años, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) entre 18 y 35 kg/m2. Se midieron variables antropométricas (i.e., peso, IMC, perímetro de cintura), de composición corporal y de su distribución (i.e., porcentaje de masa grasa de piernas: %MGP, androide: %MGA y total: %MGT), de actividad física (PAL) y de control postural (i.e., ratio somatosensorial: SOT-SOM). Se utilizó una regresión lineal múltiple para evaluar la relación de todas las variables con la SOT-SOM. Resultados: los resultados de este estudio muestran una correlación entre %MGT (r = -0,384, p = 0,002), %MGA (r = -0,421, p = 0,001) y PAL (r = 0,291, p = 0,021) con la SOT-SOM. Además, los individuos clasificados como obesos (%MGT = 28) obtuvieron peores puntuaciones en la SOT-SOM que los individuos no obesos (97,33 ± 2,52 vs. 96,37 ± 1,54; p = 0,013) y los individuos clasificados como activos (PAL = 1,4) obtuvieron mejores puntuaciones en la SOT-SOM que los individuos sedentarios (97,13 ± 2,33 vs. 96,18 ± 1,38; p = 0,035). Conclusiones: la masa grasa y el PAL parecen influir a nivel propioceptivo en el control postural, siendo el perímetro de cintura la variable que más predice la SOT-SOM

Introduction: balance is very important in order to perform daily physical activities as standing or walking. Both physical activity and body composition are some of the most important adjustable intrinsic factors influencing balance. Objective: to analyze the influence of physical activity level and different body variables on the postural control of male adults. Methods: observational, cross-sectional study with 63 men between 25 and 60 years of age, with body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 35 kg/m2. Anthropometric variables (e.g., weight, BMI, waist circumference), body composition and its distribution (e.g., percentage of total fat mass: TFM%, of the legs: LFM%, and android: AFM%), physical activity (PAL) and postural control (e.g., SOM ratio) were measured. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship of all variables with the SOM ratio. Results: the results of this study show a correlation between TFM% (r = -0.384, p = 0.002), AFM% (r = -0.421, p = 0.001) and PAL (r = 0.291, p = 0.021) with the SOM ratio. In addition, individuals classified as obese (TFM% = 28) scored worse on SOM ratio than non-obese individuals (97.33 ± 2.52 vs 96.37 ± 1.54, p = 0.013), and individuals classified as active (PAL = 1.4) scored higher on SOM ratio than sedentary individuals (97.13 ± 2.33 vs 96.18 ± 1.38; p = 0.035). Conclusions: the fat mass and PAL seem to influence proprioceptively on postural control, being the waist circumference the variable that predicts SOM ratio the most

Impact of APOE2allele on lipid profile change after a weight loss program.

BACKGROUND: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is a genetic determinant of lipid and lipoprotein levels and the risk for coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of ApoE2allele in lipid plasma levels and the influence of a healthy hypocaloric diet plus a controlled physical activity on the lipid profile, we performed a study in a cohort of overweight and obese healthy subjects (Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 34.9 kg·m-2). METHODS: one hundred eighty participants (96 women), aged 18-50 years participated in a 22 weeks weight loss intervention based on same dietary treatment and different controlled exercise programs. All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure). Blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements at the beginning and end of the study. RESULTS: after intervention, men of the E2 group showed the greatest decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) values (p = 0.039; p = 0.001; p = 0.001; respectively). For high-density lipoprotein (HDL), E2 group had significant differences compared with E4 at pre- (p = 0.020) and post-intervention values (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: our results show great changes in men carrying ApoE2, mainly in TG and TC concentrations after treatment with hypocaloric diet and controlled exercise. Therefore, adding supervised training to nutritional intervention seems to be a good alternative for the reinforcement of the effect of the treatment.

Impact of APOE2 allele on lipid profile change after a weight loss program / Impacto del alelo APOE2 en el cambio del perfil lipídico después de un programa de pérdida de peso

Background: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is a genetic determinant of lipid and lipoprotein levels and the risk for coronary heart disease. Objective: to evaluate the impact of ApoE2 allele in lipid plasma levels and the influence of a healthy hypocaloric diet plus a controlled physical activity on the lipid profile, we performed a study in a cohort of overweight and obese healthy subjects (Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 34.9 kg·m-2). Methods: one hundred eighty participants (96 women), aged 18-50 years participated in a 22 weeks weight loss intervention based on same dietary treatment and different controlled exercise programs. All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure). Blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements at the beginning and end of the study. Results: after intervention, men of the E2 group showed the greatest decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) values (p = 0.039; p = 0.001; p = 0.001; respectively). For high-density lipoprotein (HDL), E2 group had significant differences compared with E4 at pre- (p = 0.020) and post-intervention values (p = 0.024). Conclusion: our results show great changes in men carrying ApoE2, mainly in TG and TC concentrations after treatment with hypocaloric diet and controlled exercise. Therefore, adding supervised training to nutritional intervention seems to be a good alternative for the reinforcement of the effect of the treatment

Antecedentes: el polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E (ApoE) es un determinante genético de los niveles de lípidos y lipoproteínas y el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria. Objetivo: para evaluar el impacto del alelo ApoE2 en los niveles de lípidos plasmáticos y la influencia de una dieta hipocalórica sana más una actividad física controlada en el perfil lipídico, se realizó un estudio en una cohorte de sujetos sanos con sobrepeso y obesidad (índice de masa corporal entre 25-34,9 kg·m-2). Métodos: ciento ochenta participantes (96 mujeres), de 18-50 años participaron en una intervención de pérdida de peso de 22 semanas basada en el mismo tratamiento dietético y diferentes programas de ejercicios controlados. Todos los sujetos siguieron una dieta hipocalórica (consumo de energía entre 25-30% inferior que el gasto energético total diario). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para las mediciones de lípidos al inicio y al final del estudio. Resultados: después de la intervención, los hombres del grupo E2 mostraron las mayores disminuciones en los valores de lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL), triglicéridos (TG) y colesterol total (TC) (p = 0,039; p = 0,001; p = 0,001). Para las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), el grupo E2 presentó diferencias significativas en comparación con E4 en los valores previos (p = 0,020) y postintervención (p = 0,024). Conclusión: nuestros resultados muestran grandes cambios en los hombres que portan ApoE2, principalmente en las concentraciones de TG y TC después del tratamiento con dieta hipocalórica y ejercicio controlado. Por lo tanto, la adición de entrenamiento supervisado a la intervención nutricional parece ser una buena alternativa para el refuerzo del efecto del tratamiento